The global demand for lithium batteries is projected to quadruple by 2030, driven by their widespread use in everything from small electronics to electric vehicles. As lithium batteries become more prevalent, the necessity for safe and compliant shipping practices becomes paramount. This guide provides an in-depth exploration of how to ship lithium batteries by air, detailing the regulations, packaging requirements, labeling standards, and more.
Why Shipping Lithium Batteries by Air Costs More
Lithium batteries store significant energy and possess chemical properties that can pose hazards if mishandled. To safeguard the aviation industry, stringent measures are imposed when transporting these batteries. These measures incur higher costs compared to non-lithium batteries due to the need for compliance and enhanced safety protocols.
Air Mail Restrictions on Lithium Batteries
Standalone Lithium Batteries
Lithium batteries cannot be shipped via airmail independently. Local postal authorities should be contacted to explore surface shipping options such as sea, road, or rail. For air transportation, engaging a freight company is mandatory.
Lithium Batteries in Equipment
Devices containing lithium batteries, such as mobile phones, may be shipped by airmail if the postal authority has approval from their Civil Aviation Authority. However, power banks and similar items are categorized as lithium batteries and are not allowed under this provision.
Packaging Lithium Batteries for Air Transport
Proper packaging is crucial for the safe transport of lithium batteries. The requirements vary based on the battery type, quantity, and size. Key factors include:
- UN Specification Packaging: For larger batteries, adherence to UN specifications is necessary.
- Packaging Quality: Must withstand drop and stacking tests.
- Customized Solutions: Packaging must be tailored to the specific needs of the battery shipment.
Marking and Labeling Requirements
General Labeling Guidelines
All lithium battery shipments must be clearly labeled and marked according to IATA regulations. Labels and marks must be durable, legible, and easily identifiable.
Lithium Battery Mark
The lithium battery mark features:
- Red Diagonal Hatchings: Minimum width of 5mm.
- Symbol: Black on white or a contrasting background, depicting a group of batteries with one damaged and emitting flame, above the UN number.
- Dimensions: Minimum size of 100 mm x 100 mm, or reduced to 100 mm x 70 mm if the package size requires.
Lithium Battery Label
For consignments with a larger number or more powerful batteries, the lithium battery label is required:
- Shape: Diamond-shaped, with minimum dimensions of 100×100 mm.
- Color: Seven vertical black stripes on the upper half, and a battery group symbol with one broken and emitting flame on the lower half.
- Lines: A parallel line approximately 5mm from the edge.
Types of Lithium Batteries
Lithium batteries fall into two main categories:
- Lithium Metal Batteries: Generally non-rechargeable and contain metallic lithium.
- Lithium-Ion Batteries: Rechargeable, containing lithium in an ionic form. Subtypes include lithium polymer, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and lithium air.
Difference Between a Lithium Cell and a Lithium Battery
- Lithium Cell: A single encased electrochemical unit with one positive and one negative electrode.
- Lithium Battery: Consists of two or more cells electrically connected. For regulatory purposes, a single cell battery is treated as a cell.
Key Regulations for Shipping Lithium Batteries by Air
Dangerous Goods Classification
Lithium batteries are classified as dangerous goods due to their potential to generate heat, sparks, or fire. Shipping these batteries requires adherence to international safety regulations.
Regulatory Bodies
- IATA: Develops Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) and Lithium Battery Shipping Regulations.
- ICAO: Provides Technical Instructions for the Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air.
- UN: Establishes Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria.
Certification and Training
- Shippers: Must be certified and trained in the safe packaging, labeling, and marking of lithium batteries.
- Handlers: Freight forwarders, cargo handling facilities, and airlines must also be certified.
Training Programs
IATA offers various training programs, including the Shipping Lithium Batteries by Air course, ensuring all participants in the shipping process are competent and compliant with current regulations.
Continuous Updates to Regulations
Regulations are updated annually to address emerging threats and ensure the highest safety standards. This cyclical update process includes provisions for exceptional updates in response to identified risks.
Final Thoughts
With the anticipated elevenfold increase in lithium-ion battery usage by 2030, it is critical for all stakeholders—shippers, transporters, and ground personnel—to be thoroughly trained and compliant with the latest safety regulations. Adhering to these guidelines ensures the safe and efficient transport of lithium batteries by air, protecting both people and property.
For further details, refer to the latest editions of the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations and Lithium Battery Shipping Regulations.
